Tuneinir in the Kingdom of Sinjar in eastern Syria
Excavated and published by St. Louis Community College
published 2001 by Missy Loyet



Animal bones from Area 6 suq (Arabic "market") of the city:
77.3% Sheep/Goat
9.0% Cattle
2.8% Bird (including Chicken)
2.0% Gazelle
1.4% Pig
1.3% Donkey
1.0 Horse
0.8% Camel
0.7% Dog
0.1% Cat

1 bone of a fox
1 bone of a lion

Dating based upon Zangid/Ayyugid coins from Area 6: Imad al Din Zangi (1170-1197), Al Salih Ishmail (1173-1182), Husam al-din Yuluq Arslan (1184-1200) Al Zahir Ghazi (1186-1216), Qutb al-Din Muhammad (1197-1219), Al Adil abu Bakr (1199-1218), Al Ashraf Musa (1210-1220), and Badr al-Din Lu'lu (1234-1259).

Animal bones from an elite khan (Arabic, "hotel") in Area 4:
72.4% Sheep/Goat
13.1% Cattle
6.5% Pig
1.5% Gazelle

Dating based upon Zangid/Ayyugid coins from Area 4: Imad al Din Zangi (1170-1197), Al Zahir Ghazi (1186-1216), Kaykhusraw (1192-1210), Qutb al-Din Muhammad (1197-1219), Al Adil abu Bakr (1199-1218), Nasr al Din Artuq Arslan (1200-1239), Al Ashraf Musa (1210-1220), 'Izz al Din KayKaus I (1210-1219), and Badr al-Din Lu'lu (1234-1259),

Animal bones from a non-elite khan in Area 7:
73.6% Sheep/Goat
13.4% Cattle
0.0% Pig
0.2% Gazelle

*Note: The preferred age of eating for sheep/goat is between 1 and 3 years old. It was allowed to eat animals between 3 and 4 years old. Animals older than 5 years were never eaten.

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Armenian Garden on the Western Hill of Jerusalem
Published by the Royal Ontario Museum
published 1985 by A. D. Tushingham

Identified Animal bones in Medieval loci:
50.9% Sheep/Goat
15.6% Ox/Cattle
11.7% Pig
9.8% Bird (Chicken, Duck, and Pigeon)
1.9% Horse/Donkey
1.9% Dog
1.9% Cat
1.9% Turtle
1.9% Fish

Dating based upon Zangid/Ayyubid/Mamluke coins: Nur al-Din Mahmud (1162-1175), 1173-1182, Salah al-Din Yusuf (1189, 1190, 1193), Al Aziz Uthman (1193-1199), Al-Adil abu Bakr (1199-1218), Al-Kamil Muhammad (1218-1238), Lajin (1296-1299), Al Nasir Muhammad (1310-1341), and Shaban II (1363-1341)